sand-filled geocontainers and geotubes these structures are dealt with in the articles Artificial reefs and Sand-filled geosystems in coastal engineering).
A special category of coastal structures are gabions and geosystems (e.g. armor layers of rock and/or artificial armor units, block revetments underlayers made of rock, clay or sand and a structure core made of sand or rubble). They can either be monolithic (such as seawalls, caisson breakwaters or crest elements directly cast from concrete) or made of individual layers which interact with each other (e.g. breakwaters, dikes, revetments, groynes, seawalls/quay walls. Here, the focus is on coastal structures. Shore protection structures can be divided into coastal (protection) structures and river (protection) structures. Shore protection structures are generally built to protect shorelines from ongoing erosion or to shelter areas from strong wave and current action. 6 Determination of the design conditions.5 Toe stability and bed/scour protection.4.4 Reshaping structures (Berm and reef breakwaters).4.1 Non-overtopped or marginally overtopped structures.3.7 Slip surface failure within the core.3.6 Soil liquefaction under the structure.3.5 Washout of fine sediments from the core of the structure.3.4 Erosion at the top of a berm protection revetment.3.3 Erosion of the rear side (lee side) of a rubble mound breakwater.3.2 Scour (erosion) at the toe of the construction.3.1 Hydraulic instability of the armor layer.2 Design of shore protection structures.
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